Quality maintenance of grains, pulses and their value added products through modern storage system
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Out of the estimated population of 120 million in our country, vegetarians consume mainly cereals, pulses and their various products in their daily diet. Considering the daily requirement of the body, mixing beans with grains plays a very important part in the diet. Carbohydrates are usually obtained from grains while protein is obtained from pulses. Thus its combination is very important. Wheat, rice, millet, sorghum, maize as well as other coarse and light grains are used in the grain, especially in different parts of the country. In the pulses class, especially the use of crops like chickpea, tuwer, mug, mat, adad, choli, wal and pea is the main. Today we have become self-sufficient in grain production but we still have to import pulses. Even in the cereals and pulses we produce today, from the time of harvest to the time of consumption, we waste about 25 per cent. This amount of grains / pulses produced in this way is excluded from the total quantity. It is very important and necessary to prevent such waste. Such wastage especially in our storage methods has to be changed and scientific approach has to be adopted. By using modern storage methods, the wastage in grains / pulses can be prevented / reduced.
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Generally grain / pulses are to be stored from one season to another for its various uses. Long years of storage are needed for human life to survive drought years. Storage of stored grains / pulses proves to be a blessing during heavy rains or natural calamities. In our country even now most of the grains / pulses are stored by the old system. Such a storage system, when the above-mentioned requirement arises, results in massive deterioration at the place of storage and its poor quality. In order to prevent this from happening, the factors that play an important role in the deterioration should be examined first. Such factors play a very important role. Which is given as follows.
Direct damage:
In which various parts of grains / pulses are eaten by insects by laying eggs in them.
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(Ii) Indirect loss: -
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In which temperature and moisture in grains in particular play an important role. The first of the above two factors i.e. direct damage can be prevented physically or chemically depending on the type and quantity of the pest. While the second factor i.e. indirect damage can be prevented by controlling the temperature and humidity factor sensibly. To understand this second factor, how it works and how it works is given below.
Effect of Humidity and Temperature in Storage Structure: -
The moisture in the stored grains / pulses moves from one place to another (especially above or below) with increase or decrease of temperature. In winter, when the outside temperature is low, moisture accumulates in the grains / pulses in the storage structure in the middle of both the sides. When the outside temperature is high in summer, moisture accumulates in the grains / pulses in the storage structure in the middle from both sides. Moisture is a very important factor in the storage of grains / pulses. As the temperature changes, moisture accumulates and as the temperature rises, the respiration of the grains / pulses accelerates and the process gradually accelerates by absorbing more and more heat with the moisture of the grains / pulses. This allows them to have a very conducive environment for mold growth and pest infestation, which can lead to spoilage as well as pest infestation. Thus, grains / pulses can be stored for a long time if these two factors and humidity temperature are controlled in any storage structure as mentioned above. For this, modern permanent storage structures are used on a small scale and on a large scale.
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Modern Permanent Storage Structure:
In this type of storage structure grain / pulses and other products are considered first for their quality and then for price. Such structures are protected from long-term sustainable hygienic and gas leakage. Factors like fundamental / structure are taken into consideration in construction. In addition, special arrangements have been made for the most important air control system so that the heat and moisture generated in the storage of grains / pulses can be thrown out and the air cleaning work inside and the storage temperature can be kept low. In addition the treatment of fumigant can be given efficiently with this system. In this system top to bottom and bottom to top air circulation can be provided as per requirement. Modern permanent storage structures can be divided into two parts as follows.
Shade type structure
This type of structure is made when a large quantity of grain / pulses is to be maintained. Large size sheds / godowns are built for this. Usually the size of such shed / godown is 30 meters × 15 meters ૬ 4 meters. It has a capacity of about 240 tons. When the bag is to be stored in this shed, a capacity of about 150 tons is achieved. This type of structure usually has a capacity of 1.5 liters of air per second per ton of grains / pulses. Due to the shape and structure of the shed, loading / unloading of large scale grains is difficult. To prevent this a belt conveyor system is used for bulk grain.
Shade type permanent storage structure
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Silo structure
This type of structure typically uses galvanized metal. Shade type structures are expensive. These types of silos are built where there is a lack of space. Hopper bottom vertical silos, flat bottom silos and squat silos are selected according to the type of silos as well as the requirement.
Grain / pulses are found in such silos by conveyor system and discharged by gravitational force. Squat type silos are preferred for storing grains / pulses in very large quantities and at low cost. The size of squat type silos is about 3 meters in diameter × 10.5 meters in height (outer periphery) and 3 meters in height (center portion). In these types of silos, the air circulation is usually maintained at the rate of 1 ton in grains / pulses at about 0.5 liters per second.
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